Rural Credit for Resource-Poor Entrepreneurs: Lessons from the Eritrean Experience

Developing countries' small-scale farmers lack access to financial services. In the Eritrean Savings and Micro- Credit program (SMCP), solidarity groups are jointly responsible for individual members' loans; this reduces transaction costs, improves repayment and substitutes for collateral. Performance of SMCP (1996 to 2002) indicates low arrears and good repayment, but not satisfactory saving mobilization. SMCP service reached many people previously without access to financial services, thus materially improving individuals' economic self-confidence and independence, cash holdings and household living standards. It has had favourable social spin-offs; a well-designed village-banking model can help solve economic problems of the poor.Agricultural Finance,

Efektifitas Pasal 52 Huruf C Undang-undang No.8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Mengenai Tugas dan Wewenang Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa dalam Melakukan Pengawasan terhadap Pencantuman Klausula Baku pada Perjanjian Pembiayaan Kredit Kendaraan Be

Yonas Parulian A, Hukum Perdata Bisnis, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya Desember 2012, Efektifitas Pasal 52 Huruf C Undang - Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Mengenai Tugas dan Wewenang Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dalam Melakukan Pengawasan Terhadap Pencantuman Klausula Baku pads Perjanjian Pembiayaan Kredit Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Malang. Indrati S.H., M.S; Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi S.H., MKn.Dalam penulisan skripsi ini penulis membahas efektifitas pasal 52 Huruf C Undang- Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen mengenai tugas dan wewenang Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dalam melakukan pengawasan terhadap pencantuman klausula baku pada Perjanjian Pembiayaan Kredit Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Malang . Serta penulis juga membahas hambatan - hambatan yang dihadapi oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Kota Malang dalam menerapkan peraturan tersebut dan upaya - upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh dinas tersebut guna mengatasi hambatan - hambatan yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis, yaitu suatu pendekatan masalah dengan mengkaji peraturan yang berlaku dikaitkan dengan pelaksanaan ketentuan yang ada pada lapangan. Lokasi penelitian berlokasi di Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Kota Malang. Jenis data yang diambil berupa data primer dan data sekunder dengan menggunakan tekhnik observasi, wawancara. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 4 (empat) orang dari dinas Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dan 1 (satu) orang dari pihak lembaga finance. Selain itu, pihak konsumen berjumlah I (orang) orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis, penulis memperoleh jawaban atas permasalahan yang ada bahwa peraturan Perundangan konsumen pasal 52 mengenai pengawasan terhadap klausula baku oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen tidak berjalan dengan efektif karena beberapa faktor baik dari faktor kaidah hukum, penegak hukum, sarana dan fasilitas, kesadaran hukum warga masyarakat. Kendala yang dihadapi oleh dinas terkait berupa ketidaksadaran masyarakat khususnya konsumen dalam penelitian ini, kurangnya sosialisasi oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen guna memaksimalkan pelaksanaan aturan ini. Solusi dari kendala tersebut adalah pemaksimalan sosialisasi dan pengajuan Surat Keputusan oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen. Dari hasil penelitian diatas maka dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan yaitu Pasal 52 huruf c terkait dengan pengawasan klausula baku oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dikatakan kurang efektif karena tidak adanya kesadaran dari masyarakat dan sosialisasi yang kurang sehingga ada ketidaktahuan atau ketidakpahaman atas aturan yang berlaku. sehingga perlunya ada pemahaman yang diberikan ke tiap konsumen dan pelaku USAha untuk disosialisasikan sehingga aturan ini dapat berjalan secara efektif. Juga terdapat beberapa kendala yang dihadapi Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen terkait mengenai sosialisasi dan ketidaksadaran masyarakat tentang adanya peraturan tersebut dan beberapa solusi yang diambil atas beberapa kendala diatas

Assessment of health hazards and associated factors among the returned migrants living at Bati Woreda, Oromia Zone, Amhara National Regional State

Background: Migration is a demographic event which serves as a coping mechanism of poverty alleviation in developing countries, including Ethiopia. The living condition of migrants in economically attractive countries, however, is having a devastating effect. The health risk of Ethiopian migrants to neighboring countries is not well documented.Objective: This study aimed to assess hazards and associated factors among returned migrants living at Bati Woreda, Amhara National Regional State.Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional survey with a sample size of 390 returnees was made in five kebeles of the woreda using a structured questionnaire in April 2011. Health hazard was defined as a health outcome that occurred during the process of migration involving travelling, staying in the destination, or getting back home. The quantitative data was entered and cleaned using Epi Info Version 3.5.1. Descriptive statistics was performed to present socio-demographic data. Multivariate logistics regression analysis using AOR with 95% CI was used to assess the relative importance of associated factors. The qualitative data was collected using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews using semi-structured question guide. Open Code Version 3.4 was used to select codes, categories and themes for the qualitative data using the thematic analysis.Results: The overall magnitude of health hazards was 41%: diarrhea 31.6% and malaria 10.5% were the leading acute illnesses. After controlling the possible confounders in binary multivariate logistic regression, push factors related to age ≥35 years [AOR (95%CI) =3.48 (1.73,7.02)], the ability to read and write in educational status [AOR (95%CI) = 2.49 (1.17,5.30)], being jobless and a housewife [AOR (95%CI) = 2.17(1.29,3.64)] and AOR (95%CI) =5.28 (2.17,12.83)], respectively, and presence of better employment opportunities and living conditions as a pull factors [AOR (95%CI) = 8.61(3.16,23.47) and [AOR (95%CI) = 6.35 (1.89,21.36)], respectively, were determinants of health hazards.Conclusion: Migrants were highly exposed to health hazards because of the illegal routes of the movement. Socio-economic variables with respect to age, education and unemployment were predictors of the migration phenomenon. Providing safety protection from potential health hazards before leaving the country, proper social and psychological rehabilitation of returnees is recommended

EFEKTIFITAS PASAL 52 HURUF C UNDANG-UNDANG NO.8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN MENGENAI TUGAS DAN WEWENANG BADAN PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA DALAM MELAKUKAN PENGAWASAN TERHADAP PENCANTUMAN KLAUSULA BAKU PADA PERJANJIAN PEMBIAYAAN KREDIT KENDARAAN BE

ABSTRAKYonas Parulian A, Hukum Perdata Bisnis, Fakultas Hukum Universitas Brawijaya Desember 2012, Efektifitas Pasal 52 Huruf C Undang - Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 Tentang Perlindungan Konsumen Mengenai Tugas dan Wewenang Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dalam Melakukan Pengawasan Terhadap Pencantuman Klausula Baku pads Perjanjian Pembiayaan Kredit Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Malang. Indrati S.H., M.S; Amelia Sri Kusuma Dewi S.H., MKn.Dalam penulisan skripsi ini penulis membahas efektifitas pasal 52 Huruf C Undang- Undang No. 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen mengenai tugas dan  wewenang Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dalam melakukan pengawasan terhadap pencantuman klausula baku pada Perjanjian Pembiayaan Kredit Kendaraan Bermotor di Kota Malang . Serta penulis juga membahas hambatan - hambatan yang dihadapi oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Kota Malang dalam menerapkan peraturan tersebut dan upaya - upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh dinas tersebut guna mengatasi hambatan - hambatan yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis sosiologis, yaitu suatu pendekatan masalah dengan mengkaji peraturan yang berlaku dikaitkan dengan pelaksanaan ketentuan yang ada pada lapangan. Lokasi  penelitian berlokasi di Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen Kota Malang. Jenis data yang diambil berupa data primer dan data sekunder dengan menggunakan  tekhnik observasi, wawancara. Sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 4 (empat) orang dari dinas Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dan 1 (satu) orang dari pihak lembaga finance. Selain itu, pihak konsumen berjumlah I (orang) orang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis, penulis memperoleh jawaban atas permasalahan yang ada bahwa peraturan perundangan konsumen pasal 52 mengenai pengawasan terhadap klausula baku oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen tidak berjalan dengan efektif karena beberapa faktor baik dari faktor kaidah hukum, penegak hukum, sarana dan fasilitas, kesadaran hukum warga masyarakat. Kendala yang dihadapi oleh dinas terkait berupa ketidaksadaran masyarakat khususnya konsumen dalam penelitian ini, kurangnya sosialisasi oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen guna memaksimalkan pelaksanaan aturan ini. Solusi dari kendala tersebut adalah pemaksimalan sosialisasi dan pengajuan Surat Keputusan oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen. Dari hasil penelitian diatas maka dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan yaitu Pasal 52 huruf c terkait dengan pengawasan klausula baku oleh Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen dikatakan kurang efektif karena tidak adanya kesadaran dari masyarakat dan sosialisasi yang kurang sehingga ada ketidaktahuan atau ketidakpahaman atas aturan yang berlaku. sehingga perlunya ada pemahaman yang diberikan ke tiap konsumen dan pelaku usaha untuk disosialisasikan sehingga aturan ini dapat berjalan secara efektif. Juga terdapat beberapa kendala yang dihadapi Badan Penyelesaian Sengketa Konsumen terkait mengenai sosialisasi dan ketidaksadaran masyarakat tentang adanya peraturan tersebut dan beberapa solusi yang diambil atas beberapa kendala diatas

Molecular Data are Transforming Hypotheses on the Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The explosion of molecular data has transformed hypotheses on both the origin of eukaryotes and the structure of the eukaryotic tree of life. Early ideas about the evolution of eukaryotes arose through analyses of morphology by light microscopy and, later, electron microscopy. Though such studies have proven powerful at resolving more recent events, theories on origins and diversification of eukaryotic life have been substantially revised in light of analyses of molecular data including gene and, increasingly, whole-genome sequences. By combining these approaches, progress has been made in elucidating the origin and diversification of eukaryotes. Yet many aspects of the evolution of eukaryotic life remain to be illuminated

Prevalence and Correlates of Mental Distress Among Working Adults in Ethiopia

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of mental distress and its correlates among working Ethiopian adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study of 2,180 individuals (1,316 men and 864 women) was conducted among working adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics of participants. Mental distress was assessed using the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ). Logistic regression was employed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The prevalence of mental distress in the study sample was 17.7% (25.9% in women and 12.4% in men). Younger participants (age ≤24 years) had the highest prevalence of mental distress (35.5% in women and 16.7% in men). The odds of mental distress was 2.47-fold higher among women as compared with men (OR=2.47, 95% CI 1.97-3.09). Participants reporting excellent health status had a 50% reduced odds of mental distress (OR=0.47; 95%CI: 0.38-0.59); and moderate alcohol consumption was associated with a slight increased odds of mental distress (OR=1.26; 95%CI: 1.00-1.67). Conclusion: A high prevalence of mental distress was observed among working adults in Ethiopia. Our findings suggest that the workforce institutions should provide targeted prevention and intervention programs to improve the mental health state of their employees. National mental health policy that clearly outlines and addresses mental distress among working adults is also warranted

The impact of live sheep export trade on the South Africa economy

The study assesses the impact of the live sheep export trade on the South African economy. The study used a recent South African Social Accounting Matrix and a partial equilibrium model. The results are mixed. On a positive note, the higher the demand for live sheep exports, the higher the prices and the more significant the economic impact. On the other hand, South Africa loses value-adding opportunities such as output from abattoirs, including hides and skin, offal, head, and consumable internal organs, and employment when live lambs are exported and slaughtered in destination markets. These findings help policymakers to develop appropriate mitigation strategies to balance the advantages and disadvantages of live sheep export. A nationwide analysis may miss some of the local costs and benefits of live sheep exports. Future research can also be done in selected major areas that produce sheep in South Africa

“A room full of strangers every day”: the psychosocial impact of developmental prosopagnosia on children and their families

Objective: Individuals with developmental prosopagnosia (‘face blindness’) have severe face recognition difficul¬ties due to a failure to develop the necessary visual mechanisms for recognizing faces. These difficulties occur in the absence of brain damage and despite normal low-level vision and intellect. Adults with developmental prosopagnosia report serious personal and emotional consequences from their inability to recognize faces, but little is known about the psychosocial consequences in childhood. Given the importance of face recognition in daily life, and the potential for unique social consequences of impaired face recognition in childhood, we sought to evaluate the impact of developmental prosopagnosia on children and their families. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 8 children with developmental prosopagnosia and their parents. A battery of face recognition tests was used to confirm the face recognition impairment reported by the parents of each child. We used thematic analysis to develop common themes among the psychosocial experiences of the children and their parents. Results: Three themes were developed from the child reports: 1) awareness of their difficulties, 2) coping strat¬egies, such as using non-facial cues to identify others, and 3) social implications, such as discomfort in, and avoid¬ance of, social situations. These themes were paralleled by the parent reports and highlight the unique social and practical challenges associated with childhood developmental prosopagnosia. Conclusion: Our findings indicate a need for increased awareness and treatment of developmental prosopagnosia to help these children manage their face recognition difficulties and to promote their social and emotional wellbein

A Decade-Long Change in the Elevational Distribution of Non-Volant Small Mammals on Mount Meru, Tanzania

Understanding species distribution across elevational gradients is crucial for developing conservation strategies for montane biotic systems. A survey of small mammals was conducted on Mount Meru at six elevations, ranging between 1500 m and 3650 m. A total of 803 small mammal individuals, including 2 shrew species and 13 rodent species, were documented. Of these, Crocidura newmarki and Lophuromys verhageni were endemic on Mount Meru. Species richness was highest at mid-elevations, which is in line with the global pattern for small mammals. Prior to our study, the most complete data on small mammals on Mount Meru was collected in 2009. Our study provides an opportunity to show how small mammal elevational distribution has changed, over the last decade. We found six species (Arvicanthis niloticus, Mastomys natalensis, Lemniscomys striatus, Dasymys incomtus, Cricetomys ansorgei, and Montemys delectorum), which were not documented in 2009, but did not find Otomys tropicalis. Interestingly, the community composition at higher elevations in 2021 resembles that at lower elevations in 2009, suggesting that small mammal species have moved their range upward over time. Climate change could be a factor associated with the distributional shift found

Pertambahan Bobot Badan Dan Feed Conversion Rate Ayam Broiler Yang Dipelihara Menggunakan Desinfektan Herbal

Senyawa aktif dalam daun babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides) diketahui memiliki aktivitas antibakterial khususnya untuk menghambat perkembangan bakteri patogen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan desinfektan herbal berbahan dasar ekstrak daun babadotan (Ageratium conyzoides) terhadap produktivitas ayam broiler yang diketahui berdasarkan pertambahan bobot badan harian (PBBH) dan FCR (Feed Convertion Rate). Penelitian ini menggunakan desinfektan herbal daun babadotan konsentrasi 1% dan 1,5%, serta desinfektan sintetis komersian 1,5% sebagai pembanding. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa PBBH ayam broiler yang dipelihara dengan menggunakan desinfektan herbal dan sintetis tidak berbeda (P>0,05). Nilai PBBH desinfektan herbal 1% dan 1,5% adalah 35,11 dan 33,69 g/ekor/hari, sedangkan desinfektan sintetis 32,75 g/ekor/hari. Nilai FCR ayam pada pemeliharaan menggunakan desinfektan herbal juga menunjukkan hasil yang sama (P>0,05) dengan desinfektan sintetis. Nilai FCR desinfektan herbal 1% dan 1,5% adalah 1,6 dan 1,67. Sedangkan FCR desinfektan sintetis sebesar 1,63. Berdasarkan data tersebut disimpulkan bahwa desinfektan herbal ekstrak daun babadotan dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif dalam kegiatan biosecurity di peternakan ayam broiler